Human skin color evolved as a response to varying levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Early humans living near the equator developed darker skin, rich in melanin, which protected against the breakdown of folic acid caused by intense UV rays. Folic acid is crucial for DNA synthesis and fetal development, making its protection essential for reproductive success. However, dark skin limits UV absorption, which is needed to produce vitamin D—important for bone health. As humans migrate

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